Epidemiological profile of leprosy reactions in a referral center in Campinas (SP), Brazil, 2010-2015

Abstract: Leprosy patients can present reactions during the course of the disease. There are no official data on these reactions in Brazil. We aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with such reactions, analyzing information from patient records at a referral center in Campinas (SP), from 2010 to 2015.

Leprosy in a University Hospital in Southern Brazil

AbstractBACKGROUND:Leprosy is an infectious disease that may lead to irreversible nerve damage, compromising patient's quality of life and leading to loss of working years.OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients followed at a University Hospital.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study, based on a review of medical records. We studied the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with leprosy monitored at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná between January 2005 and January 2010.RESULTS:The mean age was 47.51, while 35.94% of patients were aged 41-60. The male:female rate was 1.8:1. The most prevalent occupations were: retired, students or rural workers. Patients came mainly from Curitiba or nearby areas, but there were also patients from the countryside. The mean diagnostic delay was 24.57 months. Multibacillary forms prevailed, with the lepromatous variety being the most common, closely followed by the borderline type. Neural enlargement was found in more than 50% of the patients and 48.44% of them developed reactional states. Hemolysis was the most commonly detected drug side effect. Initial functional evaluation was possible in 70% of patients, 55% of whom had disabilities upon diagnosis. The most prevalent associated disease was hypertension.CONCLUSIONS:This study showed an important diagnostic delay and a high rate of sequelae in this specific population. Brazil is one of the few remaining countries that has not yet eradicated leprosy and it is important to improve health policies in order to prevent sequelae and achieve eradication.

Hanseníase: pauci e multibacilares estão sendo diferentes? / Leprosy: are pauci and multibacillary being diferent?

Modelo do estudo: Estudo observacional descritivo transversal. Introdução: A estratégia atual de controle da hanseníase preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde é baseada no respectivo tratamento segundo classificação operacional, se multibacilar ou paucibacilar. Objetivo: Comparar perfis de hansenianos de ambas as formas atendidos em Unidade Hospitalar. Metodologia: Coleta de dados em Fichas de Investigação de Hanseníase do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, no Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, PUC Campinas, anos 2007 a 2011. Registro em planilha codificada, armazenamento em banco de dados específico, e processamento estatístico por meio do SPSS. Associações de variáveis investigadas pela prova de Goodman para contraste entre e intra populações multinomiais e pelo teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, ao nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: Averiguaram-se 57 casos novos, obtendo-se 14 paucibacilares e 43 multibacilares com indicadores compatíveis com o esperado. No entanto, constataram-se, entre as inconsistências apuradas: i) cinco registros de recidiva, os quais não se confirmaram nosograficamente; ii) caso multibacilar tratado como paucibacilar; iii) quanto a modo de detecção, frequências assemelhadas de encaminhamento e demanda espontânea entre os multibacilares; iv) predomínio de grau zero de incapacidade entre paucibacilares, majoritariamente tuberculóides. Conclusões: Estes resultados indicam a necessidadede vigilância epidemiológica permanente visando à interlocução entre a rede básica e os centros de referência quanto aos procedimentos de controle, com vistas à adequação da gestão técnica dos respectivos Serviços de Saúde.

Study design: Cross sectional descriptive observational study. Introduction: Present strategy for leprosy control according to World Health Organization is based on respective treatment for pauci or multibacillary patients. Objectives: To compare leper’s profiles cared by an university hospital. Materials and Method: Data collected from Leprosy Notification Protocols, Information System for Notifiable Diseases, Celso Pierro Hospital and Maternity, PUC Campinas, years 2007 to 2011. Registers on codified sheets, storagein specific data base and statistical processing by SPSS program. Associations by Goodman’s test for contrasts among multinomial populations and by non-parametric Mann-Whitney’s, at 5% significance level. Results: 57 new cases have been ascertained, 14 paucibacillary and 43 multibacillary, showing clinical epidemiologic behaviors as expected. Nevertheless, inconsistencies have been observed, as: i) five cases of relapse registered, but not clinically confirmed; ii) a multibacillary case treated as paucibacillary; iii) in relation to forms of detection, similar frequencies of recommendation and spontaneous demand in the multibacillary group; iv) predominance of grade zero disabilities in the paucibacillary group. Conclusions: Results point to the necessity of permanent epidemiological surveillance on leprosy control in order to keep enough dialogue between basic units and reference centers.

Indeterminate leprosy and lepromatous index case: four cases in the same family / Hanseniase indeterminada e caso indice virchowiano: 4 casos na mesma familia

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Brazil remains as the country with the second largest number of cases in the world. We report the case of three patients diagnosed with indeterminate leprosy in the same family. Two patients were HIV positive. An active search led to the discovery of the index case. It was crucial to persist in the search of the index case. This report shows how important it is to teach physicians and the general population about the signs and symptoms of leprosy. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent sequelae and to eliminate the disease as a public health problem.

A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, que afeta principalmente a pele e nervos periféricos. O Brasil continua sendo o segundo país do mundo com maior número de casos. Aqui relatamos três pacientes diagnosticados com hanseníase indeterminada, pertencentes à mesma família, cuja busca ativa levou à descoberta do caso índice. Dois pacientes eram HIV positivos. Foi de imensa importância a insistência na procura pelo caso índice. Este relato ilustra a importância do ensino sobre sinais e sintomas de hanseníase na formação médica e à população. O pronto reconhecimento e tratamento são necessários para prevenir sequelas e eliminar a doença como problema de saúde pública.

Understanding the type 1 reactional state for early diagnosis and treatment: a way to avoid disability in leprosy / Compreender melhor o estado reacional tipo 1 para o diagnostico e tratamento precoces: uma forma de se evitar as incapacidades na hanseniase

A type 1 reaction or reversal reaction is expressed clinically by inflammatory exacerbation of the skin lesions and nerve trunks, consequently leading to sensory and motor alterations. It occurs in non-polar forms of leprosy, although it can occur in a small percentage of sub-polar LL treated patients. Disabilities, deformities and morbidity, still present in leprosy, are mainly caused by these acute episodes. The recognition of reactional states is imperative for an early approach and efficient management, to avoid the emergence of disabilities that stigmatize the disease. This review aims to describe the clinical aspects, immunopathogenesis, epidemiology, histopathological features and therapeutics of type 1 reactions.

A reação do tipo 1 ou reação reversa expressa-se clinicamente por uma exacerbação inflamatória das lesões de pele e de troncos nervosos, levando a alterações sensitivas e motoras. Ocorre nas formas não-polares da hanseníase, embora possa ocorrer numa pequena percentagem de pacientes LL tratados. As incapacidades físicas, deformidades e morbidade, ainda presentes na hanseníase, são causadas principalmente por esses episódios agudos. O reconhecimento dos estados reacionais é imperativo para uma abordagem precoce e manejo adequado, evitando a instalação de incapacidades que tanto estigmatizam a doença. Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever aspectos clínicos, imunopatogênese, epidemiologia, características histopatológicas e terapêutica do estado reacional do tipo 1.

Lepra: enfermedad milenaria y actual / Leprosy: an ancient and present-day disease

El desconocimiento de la lepra es común en la población general al igual que entre los médicos y el personal de la salud. Se cree que esta enfermedad ya no existe; tal vez su imagen bíblica y milenaria refuerce la idea de su eliminación. Sin embargo, la lepra continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en varios países; entre los más afectados están India y Brasil. Después del inicio de la poliquimioterapia (PQT) en la novena década del siglo XX la prevalencia de la lepra disminuyó considerablemente pero no ocurrió lo mismo con la incidencia, lo que se atribuye al poco impacto de dicho tratamiento sobre el control de la transmisión y a la existencia de un reservorio aún no identificado con exactitud. Los convivientes de los leprosos tienen alto riesgo de sufrir la enfermedad en cualquier momento de la vida, pero hasta ahora no se ha podido determinar cuáles convivientes infectados desarrollarán la enfermedad. En Colombia se informan de 400 a 550 casos de lepra cada año, lo cual sugiere que la transmisión del Mycobacterium leprae continúa a pesar de que el país está considerado en la fase de poseliminación. Este artículo presenta una revisión histórica de la lepra desde los primeros informes disponibles hasta los avances moleculares más recientes. Incluye cómo ha evolucionado la comprensión de la enfermedad, su caracterización clínica, las medidas de control y saneamiento, el tratamiento y la epidemiología.

Ignorance about leprosy is common both in the general population and among physicians and health personnel. It is believed that this disease no longer exists. Perhaps its image as a biblic and ancient scourge reinforces the idea of its elimination. However, leprosy continues to be a public health problem in several countries; among the most affected are India and Brazil. After multidrug therapy (MDT) started during the ninth decade of the XX century prevalence of leprosy dramatically decreased. Incidence, however, did not follow the same trend, probably because of the low impact of MDT on transmission, and the existence of an as yet unidentified reservoir. Familial contacts of leprosy patients are at high risk of suffering the disease at any moment in their lives. So far it has not been possible to determine which ones of the infected contacts will develop the disease. Between 400 and 550 cases of leprosy are reported every year in Colombia. This fact suggests that transmission of Mycobacterium leprae still occurs despite the country being classified as in the postelimination phase. This article presents a historical review on leprosy from the earliest available reports to the more recent advances in the molecular understanding of the disease and its agent. It includes how the comprehension about it has evolved, its clinical characterization, public health control measures, therapy and epidemiology.